Spearman's Rank Correlation
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• Spearman's Rank Correlation is a technique used to test the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. In other words, its a device to show whether any one set of numbers has an effect on another set of numbers.
• It uses the statistic Rs which falls between -1 and +1.

  Procedure for using Spearman's Rank Correlation

1. State the null hypothesis i.e. "There is no relationship between the two sets of data."
2. Rank both sets of data from the highest to the lowest. Make sure to check for tied ranks.
3. Subtract the two sets of ranks to get the difference d.
4. Square the values of d.
5. Add the squared values of d to get Sigma d².
6. Use the formula Rs = 1-(6Sigma d²/n³-n) where n is the number of ranks you have.
7. If the Rs value...
   ... is -1, there is a perfect negative correlation.
   ...falls between -1 and -0.5, there is a strong negative correlation.
   ...falls between -0.5 and 0, there is a weak negative correlation.
   ... is 0, there is no correlation
   ...falls between 0 and 0.5, there is a weak positive correlation.
   ...falls between 0.5 and 1, there is a strong positive correlation
   ...is 1, there is a perfect positive correlation
   between the 2 sets of data.
8. If the Rs value is 0, state that null hypothesis is accepted. Otherwise, say it is rejected.

   Practical Example of Spearman's Rank Correlation

• Red type indicates what you have been given. Black type indicates the working done.

1. Null Hypothesis: There is no relationship between the two sets of data.
2. 
   

   Distance From School (in miles)	r	IB Geography Grades Attained	r	d	d^2
   3	2	4	4	2	4
   7	1	4	4	3	9
   2	3	7	1	2	4
   2	3	6	2	1	1
   1	5	5	3	2	4
   					Sigma d2 = 22

3. Rs = 1-(6 Sigma d² / n³-n).
   • Sigma d² = 22 therefore 6 Sigma d²= 132
   • n = 5 therefore n³-n = 120
4. Rs = 1-(132/120)
5. Rs = 1- 0.91
6. Rs = 0.09
7. There is a weak positive correlation between the two sets of data. The null hypothesis is rejected.

   Other Notes in this Category

   1. Age Structure
   2. Components of Population
   3. Factors affecting mortality
   4. Malthus
   5. Migration
   6. Population Geography and Demography
   7. Sex Structure
   8. Spearman's Rank Correlation
   9. Theories of Population

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