Prussia and Germany – key dates
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1809-Austria lose to Napoleon again and lose, conclude reform is bad.

1813- Prussia fight against Napoleon again and are vicotious persevere with reform.

1815-Vienna settlement, Prussia gains Ruhr, North Saxony, Aachen-Cologne-Krefield triangle. German confederation set up under the leadership of Austria.

1818-Prussia removes customs barriers (domestic tariff system)

1834- Zollverein lauched including 18 states.

1836- Zollverein extended to 25 states.

1846-7- Disasterous corn harvests and Potato bilght in Germany

Oct 1847-Baden makes demands for a ‘German people’s parliament’

1848- A series of revolutions took place throughout Europe, in the case of Germany the result was a failure of democracy to operate effectively and efficiently.

May 1948-First meeting of the Frankfurt assembly

1849-Bismarck sent as Prussian ambassidor to German confederation in Frankfurt.

1849-New liberal parliament established in Prussia in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions.

1862- Bismarck appointed Chacellor to push army reforms through parliament.(Monarch William I)

1863-The Polish revolt – Prussia ensures Russian neutrality by supporting them over this issue amidst widespread support for the Poles by the other major powers.

1864- War with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein joint with Austria

1865 – Creation of North German confederation whilst Austria was preoccupied by Piedmont-Hungary.

1866-Austro-Prussian war

1870-1 Franco-Prussian war.

Jan 18^th 1871- Germany united under Prussian leadership in Versailles palace.

Russia:

1801-Tsar Paul assasinated

1801-1825-Alexander I Tsar.

1801- Alexander repeals most of the harsh repression under Tsar Paul. Partially due to pressure from Count Pahlen.

5^th June 1801- Law commission set up in order to establish a new legal code.

1801- Permenant council established in order to council Tsar in matter of state.

1803- Allows voluntary emancipation of the serfs by masters.

1807-Unofficial committee voluntarily disbanded.

1809- Speransky’s reforms were presented to Alexander. Alexander accepts them in principle but never puts them into practise, he was not willing to give up supreme autocratic power.

1809-Invasion of Napoleon.

1810- Council of State introduced – part of Speransky’s reform program.

Nov 1810- 1^st Military colony under Count Arakcheyev.

March 1812- Speransky dismissed.

1815- The Vienna settlement. Alexander expected to be liberal as he had been in Europe.

1815 onwards- Steadily moved away from liberal ideas towards brutal repression.

16 September 1815: Alexander introduces the ‘Holy Alliance’

1817- Alexander becomes obcessed with the idea that the only true education was based in religion. Under Prince A N Golitsyn, a ‘purging’ of the universities took place.

1819- Novosiltov’s plan for constitution- went further than Speransky, again approved in principle but not put into practise.

1825-55- Nicholas I Tsar.

Dec 1825- Gap of a few weeks between Tsars as Nicholas and Constantine proclaim the other Tsar - results in ‘Decemberist revolt’-swiftly put down by Nicholas.

1833- Count Uvarov came up with the formula – ‘Orthodoxy’ the orthadox church, ‘Autocracy’ the tsarist system of govt. and ‘Nationality’ sought to defend unique Russian culture against western encroachment.

1826-1836- Nicholas establishes his 5 sections

1^st-Reorganisation of administration of the Tsar

2^nd-Codification of Laws-Speransky-40 volumes

3^rd-Originally to route out corruption in public office. Eventually became repressive secret police force. 4^th-Education and Charities

5^th-State peasants.

1854-56- Crimean war. France and Britain supporting Catholics and Turkey respectively and Russia supporting Orthodox preists.

1855-81-Alexander II Tsar.

1856-86 – Number of schools increased from 8000 to 23000

1861- Alexander II emancipates the serfs.

1863- Education reformed.

1864 – Justice system and Local government included introduction of local government in the form of the zemstvas.

1870 – Dumas introduced.

1871 – Preliminary censorship restored and third section strengthened - Shuvalov

1874 – Army reformed

1860-1880 – Railways increased *14, Coal produced *16, Steel production *10

1881-94 – Alexander III Tsar

1891 – Tariffs on imported goods imposed. These huge tariffs raised the cost of living to artificially high levels.

1894-1917 – Nicholas II Tsar

1903 – Witte dismissed.

-         Port Arthur in Manchuria taken by the Japanese

1904 – Russians began strike on the port.

Jan 2^nd 1905 – Port falls to the Japanese.

Jan 22^nd 1905 – ‘Bloody Sunday’ – peaceful peasant demonstration of strikers led by Father Gapon’s Supporters fired upon by troops.

Jan 23^rd 1905 – Strikes break out and martial law declared.

Jan 29^th 1905 – Calm restored.

Oct 1905 – The October Manifesto promised

-         a council of ministers

-         a full range of civil liberities

-         extension of the franchise

-         a Duma to approve legislation.

24^th Nov – New press law abolished preliminary censorship

11^th Dec – New electoral law said who could vote. This was biased towards the ‘haves’ of society

April 1906 – Fundamental law states “Supreme autocratic power belongs to the emporer of all Russia.”

April 27^th 1906 – 1^st Duma meets.

Other Notes in this Category

1. Prussia and Germany – key dates
2. The Coalitions, Chancellors and Presidents of the Weimar Government and Nazi Germany 1919-1945
3. The State of British Agriculture between 1846 and 1868
4. The State of British Industry between 1846 and 1868

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