relevance of recent war with persia
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• Rationing system does not help the mobility of Byzantines against Muslims
• Question marks over command structure and logistics
• Cases of non-payment – Arab stipends, waggoners in Ctesiphon – 628 – fiscal and financial difficulties.
• Persian occupation not totally destructive in Palestine – yes Jerusalem but very little elsewhere.
• Interlude of Persian occupation no economically or politically favourable to late Roman provinces – temp. Persian occupation disruptive p,s,e long term consequences not ruinous. Delicate and difficult process local recover had begun – no total restoration of status of economy, society, culture prior to wars with Persia possible.
• Empire not in state of collapse at moment of first Islamic raids – fiscally, psychologically and militarily unstable – potentially volatile.  Decline and disintegration not inevitable – events overwhelmed a society that did not welcome change and wanted to perpetuate late Roman institutions, mentality and internal status quo.
• Problems: Avaro-Slavic threat grows in the Balkans, empire lost any hold Spanish coastline, military forces spread thinly in Africa, serious danger from Berber and other tribesmen. – Insufficient resources to recover Lombardy.

Other Notes in this Category

1. army – its size and effectiveness for the defense of the eastern borders
2. Birth of the Islamic State
3. Byzantine authority and the nomads – divergent views
4. Byzantine reliance on arab military resistance
5. Byzantium and the early islamic conquests
6. Caliphate of ali – 656 – 661
7. Conquest and division in the time of the rashidun caliphs
8. Difficulty in devising defence for Syria
9. Elements of Failure and Endurance
10. End of the Ancient Economy
11. Foundation of the marwand caliphate and the achievemnet of ‘abd al-malik
12. Islamic conquests
13. Limitations defense-in-depth strategy
14. Military leadership of heraclius
15. relevance of recent war with persia
16. Richard n. frye – arab conquests in iran
17. State of strategy and warfare
18. The matric of the muslim world:
19. The umayyad caliphate
20. Umar and the early islamic conquests – 634 – 644
21. Whittow – making of byzantium

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