Difficulty in devising defence for Syria
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Disturbing Precedents

• Seen propensity to passive resistance from leaders of centres in Palestine, Syria, Byzantine, Mesopotamia in face Muslim invasions – security walled towns. Syrian and Mesopotamian inclination to avoid violent resistance not unique- part of normal pattern throughout late Roman Empire.
• No arms allowed anyway - deters resistance.
• Private defending of walls – not privatisation but Byzantine government trying to stop bearing of arms
• Heraclius no longer afford to maintain the large number of garrisons – except maybe on Mesopotamian borders with Persia
• Religious reasons protections Palestine – prestige of government ability to defend faith and land

Other Notes in this Category

1. army – its size and effectiveness for the defense of the eastern borders
2. Birth of the Islamic State
3. Byzantine authority and the nomads – divergent views
4. Byzantine reliance on arab military resistance
5. Byzantium and the early islamic conquests
6. Caliphate of ali – 656 – 661
7. Conquest and division in the time of the rashidun caliphs
8. Difficulty in devising defence for Syria
9. Elements of Failure and Endurance
10. End of the Ancient Economy
11. Foundation of the marwand caliphate and the achievemnet of ‘abd al-malik
12. Islamic conquests
13. Limitations defense-in-depth strategy
14. Military leadership of heraclius
15. relevance of recent war with persia
16. Richard n. frye – arab conquests in iran
17. State of strategy and warfare
18. The matric of the muslim world:
19. The umayyad caliphate
20. Umar and the early islamic conquests – 634 – 644
21. Whittow – making of byzantium

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