Tropical Horticulturalists (Tsembaga Maring and Trobrianders)
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Horticulture- a method of subsistence based on growing crops with simple tools and technologies

Slash & burn- a form of horticulture in which a plot of land is cultivated for some years and then is cut, left to dry and then burned, providing a little fertilisation and clears the plot of weeds. It is returned to after a period of time.

Swidden- a garden cultivated by the slash and burn technique.

· They are gardeners/farmers; they cultivate the land and grow their crops in "gardens"
· They live in the tropics (equator), also found in South America, Asia and Africa.
· They have territory; which gives rise to hierarchy/ status/ power/control
· Domesticate and raise small-food animals (chickens, pigs etc.)
· Live in big groups
· No chemical fertilisers used/ shifting cultivation & slash and burn used.
· They are sedentary and work more than H & G
· They are not egalitarian and warfare is common between villages over territory.
· Aggressive/male dominated

Pastoralists ñ (Karimojong)

Pastoralists- those who practice a method of subsistence based on herd animals

Nomads- Pastoralists who travel constantly throughout the year within a large area, to provide their animals with grazing land.

· Not sedentary; nomadic (usually move with the changes of the seasons)
· Two types: Desert- Northern Africa, Middle East
  Pasture- Mongolia, South America
· Small and large food animals (e.g. horses, camels, chickens, cows)
· Caravans; animals such as horses and camels used for transport
·Food- cattle, goats etc
· They cultivate, they can be sedentary for up to 6 months.
· Nomadic groups are organised into the wider community; i.e. they form alliances with other groups- marriage
 - trade and exchange
 - cattle herding
· They are reasonably egalitarian but there is stratification (hierarchy)_ based on age, gender, knowledge.
· Kinship forms the basis of society
· Society is formed around cattle/animals- rituals, duties and roles all closely related to animal husbandry
· They have a comprehensive knowledge of animal husbandry and their surrounding environment.

Other Notes in this Category

1. Hunters and Gatherers- (Aborigines and Kung San Bushmen)
2. More on Nomadic Societies
3. Tropical Horticulturalists (Tsembaga Maring and Trobrianders)

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